Unani Medicine or Yunani Medicine (pronounced /juːˈnɑːni/; Yūnānī in Arabic Arabic (العربية al-ʿarabīyah, ( Arabic pronunciation ) or عربي ʿarabi) is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages such as Hebrew and the Neo-Aramaic languages. Arabic has more speakers than any other language in the Semitic language family. It is spoken by more than 280 million, Urdu Urdu (Urdu: اردو, IPA: [ˈʊrduː] ) is the national language and one of the two official languages of Pakistan (the other being English), and one of 22 scheduled languages of India, as an official language of five Indian states. Based on the Hindi dialect of Delhi, its vocabulary developed under Persian and Turkic influence over the course of, Bengali Bengali or Bangla is an eastern Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the region of eastern South Asia known as Bengal, which comprises present day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, and parts of the Indian states of Tripura and Assam. It is written with the Bengali script. With nearly 230 million total speakers, Bengali is one of the, Persian Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is widely spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and to some extent in Iraq, Bahrain, and Oman. New Persian, which usually is called also by the names of Farsi, Parsi, Dari or Parsi-ye-Dari (Dari Persian), can be classified linguistically, Pashtu Pashto , also known as Afghani, and Pathani, is an Indo-European language spoken primarily in Afghanistan and western Pakistan. Pashto belongs to the Eastern Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. The number of Pashto speakers is estimated to be about 40 million.[citation needed] The Constitution of Afghanistan declares that Pashto is ) means "Greek The Greeks have been called by several names, both by themselves and by other people. The most common native ethnonym is Hellenes (Έλληνες)", also called "Unani-tibb" is a form of traditional medicine Traditional medicine comprises medical knowledge systems that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine. Practices known as traditional medicines include herbal, Ayurveda, Siddha medicine, Unani, ancient Iranian medicine, Islamic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, Muti, Ifá, widely practiced in India and Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent, also Indian Subcontinent and other terms, is a region of the Asian continent on the Indian tectonic plate south of the Himalayas, forming a land mass which extends southward into the Indian Ocean. It refers to a tradition of Graeco-Arabic In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine or Arabic medicine refers to medicine developed in the Islamic Golden Age Islamic civilization and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of the Islamic civilization. Some consider the label "Arab-Islamic" as historically inaccurate, arguing that this label does not appreciate the rich diversity medicine[1][2] , which is based on the teachings of Greek physician Hippocrates Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos - Greek: Ἱπποκράτης; Hippokrátēs was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Athens), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the Western father of medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the, and Roman physician Galen Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus or Claudii Galeni Pergameni , better known as Galen of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey), was a prominent Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher. Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen contributed greatly to the understanding of numerous scientific disciplines, and developed in to an elaborate medical System by Arab Arab people or Arabs (العرب al-ʿarab) are an ethnic group whose members identify as such on one or more of linguistic, cultural, political, or genealogical grounds. Those self-identifying as Arab, however, rarely do so with it as their sole identity. Most hold multiple identities, with a more localized prioritized national identity — such and Persian The Persian people are defined by the use of the Persian language as their mother tongue. However, the term Persian has also a supra-ethnic significance and has been historically referred to a part of Iranian peoples. The origin of the Persian people is traced to the ancient Indo-Iranians , who arrived in parts of Greater Iran circa 2000-1500 BCE physicians, such as Rhazes Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī , known as Rhazes or Rasis after medieval Latinists, (August 26, 865, Rey – 925, Rey) was a Persian physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar. He is recognised as a polymath, and Biographies of Razi, based on his writings, describe him as “perhaps the greatest clinician of all times.” Numerous , Avicenna Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā, known as Abū Alī Sīnā or, more commonly, Ibn Sīnā (Arabic: ابن سینا) or Pour Sina, but most commonly known in English by his Latinized name Avicenna (Greek: Aβιτζιανός, Avitzianós), (c. 980 - 1037) was a polymath of Persian origin and the foremost physician and (Ibn Sena), Al-Zahrawi , Ibn Nafis. [3]
Unani medicine is based around the concepts of the four humours Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers. From Hippocrates onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and Islamic physicians, and became the most commonly held view of the human body among European physicians until the advent of modern: Phlegm Phlegm is a viscous liquid secreted by the mucous membranes of mammalians. Its definition is limited to the mucus produced by the respiratory system, excluding that from the nasal passages, and particularly that which is expelled by coughing (sputum). Phlegm is in essence a water-based gel consisting of by glycoproteins, immunoglobulins, lipids (Balgham), Blood Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells – such as nutrients and oxygen – and transports waste products away from those same cells (Dam), Yellow bile Bile or gall is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum (Ṣafrā') and Black bile Bile or gall is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum (Saudā'). [4][5]
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Etymology
The work Unani or Yunani has its origins in the Greek word Ἰωνία (Iōnía) or Ἰωνίη (Iōníe), a place name given to a Greek populated coastal region of Anatolia Anatolia is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the northeast, Armenia to the east, Mesopotamia to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. Anatolia.
History
Though the threads which comprise Unani healing can be traced all the way back to Claudius Galenus of Pergamum Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus , better known as Galen of Pergamum (Greek: Γαληνός, Galēnos), was a prominent Roman physician and philosopher of Greek origin, and probably the most accomplished medical researcher of the Roman period. His theories dominated and influenced Western medical science for well over a millennium. His account, who lived in the second century of the Christian Era Anno Domini and Before Christ (abbreviated as BC or B.C.) are designations used to label years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The calendar era to which they refer is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus, with AD denoting years after the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of and also to Ancient Iranian Medicine The practice and study of medicine in Persia has a long and prolific history. The Iranian academic centers like Jundishapur University were a breeding ground for the union among great scientists from different civilizations. These centers successfully followed their predecessors’ theories and greatly extended their scientific research through, the basic knowledge of Unani medicine as a healing system was developed by Hakim Ibn Sina Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā, known as Abū Alī Sīnā or, more commonly, Ibn Sīnā (Arabic: ابن سینا) or Pour Sina, but most commonly known in English by his Latinized name Avicenna (Greek: Aβιτζιανός, Avitzianós), (c. 980 - 1037) was a polymath of Persian origin and the foremost physician and (known as Avicenna in the west) in his medical encyclopedia The Canon of Medicine The Canon of Medicine is a 14-volume medical encyclopedia written by Persian scientist and physician Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) and completed in 1025. The book was based on a combination of his own personal experience, medieval Islamic medicine, the writings of the Roman physician Galen, the Indian physicians Sushruta and Charaka, and Persian medicine,[6][7]. The time of origin is thus dated at circa 1025 AD, when Avicenna wrote The Canon of Medicine in Persia The Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550–330 BCE), also known as the Persian Empire, was the successor state of the Median Empire, ruling over significant portions of what would become Greater Iran. The Persian and the Median Empire taken together are also known as the Medo-Persian Empire, which encompassed the combined territories of several earlier. While he was primarily influenced by Greek The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC. Alcmaeon, author of the first anatomical work, worked at this school, and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established. Ancient Greek medicine centered around the theory of humours. The most important figure in ancient Greek medicine is the physician and Islamic medicine In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine or Arabic medicine refers to medicine developed in the Islamic Golden Age Islamic civilization and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of the Islamic civilization. Some consider the label "Arab-Islamic" as historically inaccurate, arguing that this label does not appreciate the rich diversity, he was also influenced by the Indian medical Ayurveda Ayurvedic medicine is a system of traditional medicine native to the Indian subcontinent and practiced in other parts of the world as a form of alternative medicine. In Sanskrit, the word ayurveda consists of the words āyus, meaning "longevity", and veda, meaning "related to knowledge" or "science". Evolving teachings of Sushruta The Sushruta Samhita is a Sanskrit redaction text on all of the major concepts of ayurvedic medicine with innovative chapters on surgery, attributed to Sushruta. Cataract surgery was performed by Sushruta before 800 BC and Charaka.[8][9]
Unani medicine first arrived in India around 12-13 century CE with establishment of Delhi Sultanate During the Delhi Sultanate, several Turkic and Afghan dynasties ruled from Delhi, including the Mamluk dynasty , the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire (1206-1527 CE) and Muslim rule over North India North India is a loosely defined region in the northern part of India. The exact meaning of the term varies by usage. The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, which demarcate the region from Tibet and Central Asia. North India has been the historical center of the Maurya, Gupta, Maratha, and subsequently flourished under Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire , or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in former English usage, was an Indian-Islamic power that ruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries by forming alliance with Indian Maharaja, and ended in the mid-19th century. [5][4] Alauddin Khilji Ala-ud-din Khilji (real name Ali Gurshap) (b. ? - d. 1316), was the second ruler of the Khilji dynasty in India. He reigned from 1296 to 1316 (r. 1296-1316) had several eminent Unani physicians (Hakims) in his royal courts[10]. In the coming year this royal patronage meant development of Unani practice in India, but also of Unani literature with the aid of Indian Ayurvedic Ayurveda Ayurvedic medicine is a system of traditional medicine native to the Indian subcontinent and practiced in other parts of the world as a form of alternative medicine. In Sanskrit, the word ayurveda consists of the words āyus, meaning "longevity", and veda, meaning "related to knowledge" or "science". Evolving physicians [11][3]
Unani medicine in Asia
In Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and other countries, there are hundreds of Unani Medical Colleges where Unani System of medicine is taught, in five and half year courses and the graduates are awarded BUMS (Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery) or other degrees. There are about 10 Unani medical Colleges where a Postgraduate degree is being awarded to BUMS Doctors. all these colleges are affiliated to reputed universities and recognized by the Governments.
As an alternative form of medicine, Unani has found favor in Asia. These Unani practitioners can practice as qualified doctors, as the government approve their practice. Unani medicine is very close to Ayurveda Ayurveda Ayurvedic medicine is a system of traditional medicine native to the Indian subcontinent and practiced in other parts of the world as a form of alternative medicine. In Sanskrit, the word ayurveda consists of the words āyus, meaning "longevity", and veda, meaning "related to knowledge" or "science". Evolving. Both are based on theory of the presence of the elements Many philosophies and worldviews have a set of classical elements believed to reflect the simplest essential parts and principles of which anything consists or upon which the constitution and fundamental powers of anything are based. Most frequently, classical elements refer to ancient beliefs inspired by natural observation of the phases of (in Unani, they are considered to be fire, water, earth and air) in the human body. (The elements, attributed to the philosopher Empedocles Empedocles was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the originator of the cosmogenic theory of the four Classical elements. He also proposed powers called Love and Strife which would act as forces to bring about the mixture and separation of the, determined the way of thinking in Medieval Europe.) According to followers of Unani medicine, these elements are present in different fluids and their balance leads to health and their imbalance leads to illness.
All these elaborations were built on the basic Hippocratic Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos - Greek: Ἱπποκράτης; Hippokrátēs was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Athens), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the Western father of medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the theory of the four humours Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers. From Hippocrates onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and Islamic physicians, and became the most commonly held view of the human body among European physicians until the advent of modern. The theory postulates the presence in the human body of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Each person's unique mixture of these substances determines his temperament: a predominance of blood gives a sanguine temperament; a predominance of phlegm makes one phlegmatic; yellow bile, bilious (or choleric); and black bile, melancholic. As long as these humours are in balance, the human system is healthy, it is imbalance which can result in disease.
In Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent, also Indian Subcontinent and other terms, is a region of the Asian continent on the Indian tectonic plate south of the Himalayas, forming a land mass which extends southward into the Indian Ocean, the contribution of Hakim Ajmal Khan Ajmal Khan Hakim Ajmal Khan’s ancestors, a distinguished line of physicians, had come to India during the reign of Babar, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India. All members of the family of Hakim Ajmal Khan were Unani doctors. The family had been practicing this ancient form of medicine from the time of the Mughal rulers. They were then, Hakim Abdul Hameed, Hakim Mohammed Said and Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman in the field of Unani Medicine will always be remembered. They worked throughout their life for the promotion of Unani medicine and built institutions and academies for the study of Unani Medicine. In India, the Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) a statutory body established in 1971 under Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is the Indian government ministry charged with health policy in India, Government of India The Government of India, officially known as the Union Government and also known as the Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a union of 28 states and seven union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. It is seated in New Delhi, the capital of India, monitors higher education in areas of Indian medicine including, Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. [12] To fight biopiracy Situations where corporations from the developed world claim ownership of, or otherwise take advantage of, the genetic resources and traditional knowledge and technologies of developing countries, are often decried. These practices allegedly contribute to inequality between developing countries rich in biodiversity, and developed countries served and unethical patents, the Government of India The Government of India, officially known as the Union Government and also known as the Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a union of 28 states and seven union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. It is seated in New Delhi, the capital of India, in 2001, set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library Traditional Knowledge Digital Library is a knowledge repository of the traditional knowledge. Setup by the Indian government, the objective of this library is to protect the ancient and traditional knowledge of the country from exploitation such as bio-piracy and unethical patents as repository of formulations of various systems of Indian medicine, includes 98,700 Unani formulations.[13][14] Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM) [15]established in 1979, also under AYUSH, aids and co-ordinates scientific research in Unani System of Medicine through a network of 22 nationwide research Institutes and Units, including two Central Research Institutes of Unani Medicine, at Hyderabad and Lucknow, eight Regional Research Institutes at Chennai, Bhadrak, Patna, Aligarh, Mumbai, Srinagar, Kolkata and New Delhi, six Clinical Research Units at Allahabad, Bangalore, Karimganj, Meerut, Bhopal and Burhanpur, four Drug Standardisation Research Units at New Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai and Lucknow, a Chemical Research Unit at Aligarh, a Literary Research Institute at New Delhi. [16] NEWS : http://www.hindustantimes.com/Infant-sacrificed-in-Tamil-Nadu-man-held/Article1-577570.aspx
Notable Unani institutions
- Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences
- National Institute of Unani Medicine (Government of India The Government of India, officially known as the Union Government and also known as the Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a union of 28 states and seven union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. It is seated in New Delhi, the capital of India)
- The Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College, New Delhi
See also
- Traditional Knowledge Digital Library Traditional Knowledge Digital Library is a knowledge repository of the traditional knowledge. Setup by the Indian government, the objective of this library is to protect the ancient and traditional knowledge of the country from exploitation such as bio-piracy and unethical patents
- Hakim Syed Karam Husain
- Hakim Syed Fazlur Rahman
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